THINKSAFE: Self-Generated Safety Alignment for Reasoning Models

arXiv:2601.23143v4 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve remarkable performance by leveraging reinforcement learning (RL) on reasoning tasks to generate long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. However, this over-optimization often prioritizes compliance, making models vulnerable to harmful prompts. To mitigate this safety degradation, recent approaches rely on external teacher distillation, yet this introduces a distributional discrepancy that degrades native reasoning. We formalize safety realignment as a KL projection onto the safe simplex and prove that the student's own safety-filtered distribution is the unique KL-optimal target, while any external teacher incurs an irreducible excess KL penalty. Guided by this analysis, we propose ThinkSafe, a self-generated alignment framework that restores safety without external teachers. Our key insight is that while compliance suppresses safety mechanisms, models often retain latent knowledge to identify harm. ThinkSafe unlocks this via lightweight refusal steering, which preserves the KL-optimal target while increasing the acceptance rate. Experiments on DeepSeek-R1-Distill and Qwen3 show ThinkSafe significantly improves safety while preserving reasoning proficiency, and achieves superior safety and comparable reasoning to GRPO with roughly an order of magnitude less compute. Code, models, and datasets are available at https://github.com/seanie12/ThinkSafe and https://huggingface.co/Seanie-lee/collections.