Your AI Runs on the Same Equation as a Steam Engine. Nobody Told You. And once you see it, you understand why LLMs hallucinate, why…Continue reading on Towards AI »
An Oxford review of 445 benchmarks found 84% lack basic statistical testing. Models score 90% on standard tests but 2% on unseen problems…Continue reading on Towards AI »
A quick recap of where we left offIn Part 1, we followed a single thread of logic from start to finish.Read: From Probability to Loss — How MLE Builds Machine Learning: Part 1We started with a question: Given data, how do we find parameters that make s…
The results from 2025 are intriguing. Screens are part of everyday life that many of us use for work, communication and entertainment. However, there are also signs that people are limiting their screen time. The total hours we are spending on screens has not really changed, but digging deeper, there is some change. We are spending more time on our screens through our mobile devices, for example. Some countries are showing extreme levels of screen time, whereas others are very low. We can also see that people are completely switching off their screens, digital detoxing or leaving social media. Overall […]
Loss functions aren’t magic. They aren’t some arbitrary design choice that researchers pulled out of thin air. Every loss function you’ve ever seen has a story, a logical, step-by-step derivation rooted in probability theory. By the end of this piece, …
The Core Concepts Behind Data Analysis, Machine Learning, and Scientific DiscoveryContinue reading on Towards AI »
It took ChatGPT two and a half years to go from “meme of the month” to one of the most popular services on the Internet. When it was first released, in November 2022, as a front-end for large language models, nobody could have predicted that by mid-2025 it would be something that nearly every profession and almost every internet user would be using on a daily basis. In this article, we will be looking at the most recent ChatGPT statistics as well as general data on the platform’s audience, traffic, revenue, and demographics. We will also be discussing the latest […]
For want of a nail the shoe was lost.For want of a shoe the horse was lost.For want of a horse the rider was lost.For want of a rider the message was lost.For want of a message the battle was lost.For want of a battle the kingdom was lost.And all for t…
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Chinese translation by Xiaoyi Yin
Notions of uncertainty are tossed around in conversations around AI safety, risk management, portfolio optimization, scientific measurement, and insurance. Here are a few …
In this article I want to explain how a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) works by implementing it in Python step by step. At the end we will compare the…