Agentic Inequality

arXiv:2510.16853v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Autonomous AI agents capable of complex planning and action mark a shift beyond today's generative tools. As these systems enter political and economic life, who can access them, how capable they are, and how many can be deployed will shape distributions of power and opportunity. We define this emerging challenge as "agentic inequality": disparities in power, opportunity, and outcomes arising from unequal access to, and capabilities of, AI agents. We show that agents could either deepen existing divides or, under the right conditions, mitigate them. The paper makes three contributions. First, it develops a framework for analysing agentic inequality across three dimensions: availability, quality, and quantity. Second, it argues that agentic inequality differs from earlier technological divides because agents function as autonomous delegates rather than tools, generating new asymmetries through scalable goal delegation and direct agent-to-agent competition. Third, it analyses the technical and socioeconomic drivers likely to shape the distribution of agentic power, from model release strategies to market incentives, and concludes with a research agenda for governance.